12 Masu muhalli Ya kamata Ka sani

Masu muhalli sunyi tasirin gaske a rayuwar mu, amma yawancin mutane ba za su iya sunana wani sanannen muhalli ba. Ga jerin sunayen masana kimiyya 12, masu kare kariya, masana kimiyya da wasu masu jagorancin rabble-rousing ya kamata kowa ya san wanda ya taimaki gudummawa ga yunkuri .

• 01 na 12

  John Muir, Masanin Halitta da Mai Rubutun

  An haifi John Muir (1838-1914) a Scotland kuma ya yi hijira zuwa Wisconsin a matsayin yaro. Jirginsa na tsawon rayuwarsa ya fara tun yana saurayi lokacin da yake hijira zuwa Gulf of Mexico. Muir ya kashe yawancin rayuwarsa mai girma - da kuma fada don karewa - daji na yammacin Amurka, musamman California. Ayyukansa na rashin ƙarfin zuciya sun haifar da kafa Ƙasar Kasa ta Yosemite, Sequoia National Park da kuma miliyoyin sauran wuraren kiyayewa. Muir ya kasance mai tasirin gaske a kan shugabannin da yawa a zamaninsa, ciki har da Theodore Roosevelt. A 1892, Muir da sauransu sun kafa Saliyo "don yin duwatsu farin ciki."

• 02 na 12

  Rachel Carson, Masanin Kimiyya da kuma Mawallafi

  Rachel Carson (1907-1964) yana dauke da mutane da dama kamar yadda ya kafa tsarin muhallin zamani. An haife shi a yankunan karkara na Pennsylvania, ta ci gaba da binciken nazarin halittu a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins da kuma Laboratory Na'urorin Lafiya na Woods Hole. Bayan aiki don Kasuwancin Kifi da Kayan Kasuwancin Amurka, Carson ya buga Tekun Around Us da wasu littattafai. Babban aikinsa mafi mahimmanci, ita ce tazarar shekara ta 1962, wadda ta bayyana irin mummunar tasirin da magungunan magunguna suke ciki a cikin yanayin. Kodayake kamfanonin sunadarai da sauransu, sun yi la'akari da yadda Carson ya lura cewa an yi amfani da DDT daidai da magungunan kashe qwari kamar DDT.

• 03 na 12

  Edward Abbey, Mawallafi da Suke-Wrencher

  Edward Abbey (1927-1989) na ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan sadaukar da Amurka - kuma mafi yawan mawuyacin hali - muhalli. An haife shi a Pennsylvania, wanda aka fi sani da shi don kare lafiyarsa na kudancin Amurka. Bayan yin aiki na Gidan Rediyo na Kasa a cikin Arche National Park a Utah, Abbey ya rubuta Desert Solitaire , daya daga cikin ayyukan taro na muhalli. Littafinsa na ƙarshe, The Monkey Wrench Gang , ya sami kwarewa a matsayin wahayi zuwa ga kungiyar muhallin duniya na farko! wanda wasu mutane sun zarge su da yaduran kwayoyi, ciki har da wadanda suka dace da muhalli.

• 04 na 12

  Aldo Leopold, Masanin kimiyya da kuma Mawallafi

  Aldo Leopold (1887-1948) an dauki wasu su zama uban kakannin kudancin daji da na masana kimiyyar zamani. Bayan nazarin ilimin gandun dajin a Jami'ar Yale, ya yi aiki don aikin daji na US Forest Service. Ko da yake an umarce shi ne da farko ya kashe bears, hagu da sauran magoya bayansa a fadin tarayya saboda zanga-zangar da aka yi wa 'yan kwaminis na gida, daga bisani ya karbi tsarin da ya dace wajen gudanar da aikin daji. Littafinsa mafi sanannen littafin, A Sand County Almanac , ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun gamsuwa don adana gandun daji har abada.

• 05 na 12

  Julia Hill, Ma'aikatar Lafiya

  Julia "Butterfly" Hill (1974-) yana daya daga cikin masu kare muhalli da ke da rai a yau. Bayan kusan mutuwa a wani hatsarin mota a 1996, ta sadaukar da rayuwarsa ga abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli. Kusan kusan shekaru biyu, Hill ya zauna a rassan itacen bishiya na farko (wadda ta kira mai suna Luna) a arewacin California don kare shi daga yanke shi. Itacen itace ta zama sanadiyyar kasa da kasa, kuma Hill ya kasance cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli da zamantakewa.

• 06 na 12

  Henry David Thoreau, Author da Activist

  Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ya kasance daya daga cikin masu wallafa-wallafa-wallafe-wallafe na farko a Amirka, kuma har yanzu yana daga cikin mafi rinjaye. A shekara ta 1845, Thoreau - wanda ya ɓace da yawa daga rayuwar zamani - ya tashi ya zauna a cikin wani karamin gidan da ya gina a kusa da kogin Walden Pond a Massachusetts. Shekaru biyu da ya yi amfani da rayuwa ta rayuwa mai sauki shine wahayi ga Walden, ko A Life in Woods , tunani a kan rayuwa da yanayin da ake zaton dole ne a karanta ga dukkanin muhalli. Thoreau ya rubuta wani sashi na siyasa wanda ake kira Resistance to Civilian ( Civil Disobedience ) wanda ya bayyana rashin cin hanci da rashawa na cin zarafin gwamnatoci.

• 07 na 12

  Theodore Roosevelt, 'Yan siyasa da Masu Tsaro

  Yana iya mamaki wasu cewa dan wasan da aka fi sani da farauta na wasa zai sanya shi a jerin sunayen muhalli, amma Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa na kare daji a tarihi. A matsayin gwamnan New York, ya yi watsi da yin amfani da fuka-fukai a matsayin kayan ado na tufafi don hana kisan wasu tsuntsaye. Yayin da shugaban Amurka na Amurka (1901-1909), Roosevelt ya ajiye daruruwan miliyoyin miliyoyin kadada, ya bi tafarkin ƙasa da ruwa, ya kuma gina fiye da 200 gandun daji na kasa, wuraren tarihi na kasa, wuraren shakatawa na kasa da kuma wuraren kare dabbobi.

• 08 na 12

  Gifford Pinchot, Mai kula da jariri da mai kiyayewa

  Gifford Pinchot (1865-1946) shi ne dan wani katako wanda daga bisani ya yi nadama game da lalacewarsa da ya yi wa gandun daji na Amurka. A lokacin da yake da tsayin daka, Pinchot ya yi nazarin ilimin gandun daji shekaru da yawa, kuma Shugaba Grover Cleveland ya nada shi don tsara wani shiri na gudanar da gandun dajin yammacin Amurka. Wannan aikin ya ci gaba lokacin da Theodore Roosevelt ya roƙe shi ya jagoranci Ƙungiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Amirka. Lokacin da yake mulki bai kasance ba tare da adawa ba; sai ya yi wa John Muir ta'aziyya akan halakar fassarar hamada kamar Hetch Hetchy a California, yayin da kamfanonin katako suka yanke musu hukunci don rufe ƙasar don amfani da su.

• 09 na 12

  Chico Mendes, Conservist da Kunsa

  Chico Mendes (1944-1988) ya fi sani ga kokarinsa wajen ceton rainforests na kasar Brazil daga aikin shiga da kuma aiki. Mendes ya fito ne daga dangin masu girbi na roba wadanda suka kara yawan kudin da suke samu ta hanyar samar da kwayoyi da sauran albarkatu. Ya ji tsoro a raunin daji na Amazon, ya taimaka wajen kawar da tallafin duniya don kare shi. Ayyukansa, duk da haka, sun jawo hankalin masu amfani da makamai da kuma abubuwan da ake amfani da katako - Mendes an kashe shi da shanu da shanu a shekaru 44.

• 10 na 12

  Wangari Maathai, Ma'aikatar Siyasa da Mahalli

  Wangari Maathai (1940-2011) ya kasance mai kare muhalli da siyasa a kasar Kenya. Bayan nazarin ilmin halitta a {asar Amirka, ta koma Kenya don fara aiki da ya ha] a da damuwa da muhalli da zamantakewa. Maathai ya kafa kungiyar Green Belt a Afrika kuma ya taimaka wajen dasa bishiyoyi fiye da 30, samar da aikin yi ga marasa aiki kuma yana hana yaduwar ƙasa da kuma kare bishiyoyi. Ta zama Mataimakin Mataimakin Minista a Ma'aikatar Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ma'adanai, kuma a shekara ta 2004 an bai wa Maathai kyautar Lambar Nobel yayin da yake ci gaba da yaki da hakkin mata, da kuma siyasa da kuma yanayi na yanayi.

• 11 of 12

  Gaylord Nelson, 'Yan siyasa da muhalli

  Babu wani suna da ya fi dangantaka da Ranar Duniya fiye da na Gaylord Nelson (1916-2005). Bayan ya dawo daga yakin duniya na biyu, Nelson ya fara aiki a matsayin dan siyasar da mahalarta muhalli wanda ya dade tsawon rayuwarsa. A matsayin gwamnan Wisconsin, ya kirkiro Shirin Harkokin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci wanda ya ceci kimanin mil miliyan daya na filin Parkland. Ya kasance mai aiki a cikin ci gaba da tsarin hanya na kasa (ciki har da Trail Appalachian) da kuma taimakawa wajen aiwatar da Dokar Wilderness, Dokar Tsabtace Dokar Tsabta, Dokar Tsabtace ruwan, da sauran ka'idojin muhalli. Zai yiwu mafi mahimmanci da aka sani da shi ne wanda ya kafa ranar Duniya , wanda ya zama biki na kasa da kasa ga dukan abubuwa.

• 12 na 12

  David Brower, mai ba da shawara kan muhalli

  Dauda Brower (1912-2000) an hade shi tare da tsare daji tun lokacin da ya fara hawa dutse a matsayin saurayi. An zabi Brower a matsayin shugaban darektan Saliyo a shekarar 1952; a cikin shekaru 17 masu zuwa, mambobin sun karu daga 2,000 zuwa 77,000, kuma sun sami nasarar cin nasara da yawa. Duk da haka, yanayinsa na fice, ya samu Brower daga Saliyo - amma duk da haka ya ci gaba da samo ƙungiyoyi na Abokan Abubuwan Duniya, Cibiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya da kuma Masu Tsaro.