Tarihin Green Movement

Kodayake yanayin motsa jiki yana da tushen asalin Turai, masu lura da masu yawa sun lura cewa Amurka ta fito ne a matsayin jagoran duniya a muhalli.

Idan Amurka, a gaskiya ma, ta cancanci bashi don jagorancin motsi, abin da ya sanya Amurka ta zama abin ƙyama ga muhalli? Sakamakon haka ne saboda baƙi wadanda suka zo Arewacin Amirka nahiyar a zamanin mulkin mallaka kuma wani ɓangare na kyawawan dabi'ar ƙasar da suka samo lokacin da suka haye Atlantic.

Shekarar Farko na Green Movement

{Asar Amirka, ba shakka, ba ta kirkira wa] ansu tsire-tsire ba, fiye da yadda aka tsara itatuwa. Manufofin mahimmancin kula da aikin gandun dajin, misali, an san su a ko'ina cikin Turai (musamman Jamus, Faransa da Ingila) tun lokacin zamanin. Ƙungiyoyin noma a Asiya sunyi amfani da kariya daga kasa ta hanyar noma da sauran ayyukan aikin gona .

Marubucin Ingilishi, Thomas Malthus, a cikin littafinsa mai suna An Essay akan ka'idar Mutum , ya tsoratar da yawancin Turai na 18th ta hanyar bada shawara cewa karuwa a yawancin bil'adama ba tare da iyakancewa ba zai haifar da mummunar tashin hankali a cikin jama'a saboda yunwa da / ko cuta. Harkokin Malthus zai sanar da yawa daga ƙararrawa akan "yawan fashewar jama'a" kimanin shekaru 200 daga baya.

Amma bayan da mulkin mallaka na Amirka suka yi ta Yammacin Turai, marubucin da masana falsafa sun kasance daga cikin na farko da suka bada shawara cewa makiyaya yana da muhimmancin gaske fiye da amfani ga mutane.

Duk da yake kifaye, wuraren da ake farauta, da bishiyoyi na da muhimmanci ga wayewa, masu hangen nesa kamar Ralph Waldo Emerson da kuma Henry David Thoreau sun bayar da shawarar cewa "cikin daji shine kiyaye duniya" (Thoreau). Imanin su cewa yanayi yana da halayen ruhaniya wanda ya fi amfani da dan Adam ya ba wadannan mutane da mabiyansu lakabin "Masu binciken juyin juya hali."

The Green Movement da Industrial Revolution

Tsarin gwanin daji na farkon shekarun 1800 da kuma biki na duniya ya zo ne kawai a lokacin da aka tattake ta karkashin kafawar juyin juya halin masana'antu. Kamar yadda gandun daji ya ɓace a ƙarƙashin gandun daji na katako na katako, coal ya zama tushen samar da makamashi. Rashin amfani da kwalba a cikin gidaje da masana'antu sun haifar da mummunan iska a birane kamar London, Philadelphia, da Paris.

A cikin shekarun 1850, wani mahayi mai suna George Gale ya ji labarin wani babban jan California mai shekaru 600 wanda aka haifi Yesu. Bayan ganin wannan itace mai girma, wanda ake kira The Mother of the Forest, Gale ya hayar da mutane don yanke itacen don a iya nuna haushi a jikinsa.

Abin da ya faru ga Gale's stunt, duk da haka, yana da sauri da kuma mummunan: "A tunanin mu, yana da mummunar tunani, rashin lahani, don yanke irin wannan itace mai ban mamaki ... abin da ke cikin duniya zai iya mallaki kowane mutum ya hau cikin irin wannan hasashe da wannan dutse na itace? "in ji wani edita.

Sanin cewa masana'antun dan Adam suna kawar da gandun daji bazawa - da kuma kawo hadari ga lafiyar ɗan adam - ya haifar da kokari na farko wajen sarrafa albarkatu.

A shekara ta 1872, an kirkiri Yellowstone National Park, wanda ya zama daya daga cikin abubuwan mafi kyau na Amurka: cibiyar sadarwa na wuraren shakatawa na kasa da ke da iyakancewa da amfani.

Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Sami Ginin

Yayinda masana'antu suka ci gaba da ɓarna a cikin jeji, ƙarar murya ta kararrawa. Daga cikin su akwai John Muir , mawallafin wallafawa na Amurka da Yamma da kuma kyakkyawa mai ban mamaki, da Theodore Roosevelt , wani mai gyara mai sauƙi wanda Muir ya yarda ya ajiye manyan ɗakoki na jeji don kiyayewa.

Sauran mutane, duk da haka, suna da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da darajar daji. Gifford Pinchot , wanda ya yi nazarin aikin gandun daji a Turai kuma ya zama mai bada shawarwari don gudanar da aikin gandun daji, ya kasance abokin tarayya na Muir da sauransu a cikin yanayin kiyaye lafiyar. A yayin da Pinchot ya ci gaba da raye kudancin gandun daji tare da masu amfani da katako masu mahimmanci, duk da haka, ya yi farin ciki da waɗanda suka yi imani da muhimmancin kiyaye yanayin, ba tare da la'akari da amfani da shi ba.

Muir ya kasance cikin wadanda suka yanke shawarar gudanar da ayyukan yankin na wuraren daji, kuma Muir yana da sha'awar karewa ta hanyar tsayayya da kiyayewa wanda ya haifar da abin da zai iya zama Muir mafi girma. A shekara ta 1892, Muir da sauransu suka halicci Saliyo, don "yi wani abu don daji da kuma sa duwatsu su yi farin ciki."

Farfesa na zamani ya fara

A cikin karni na 20, tsarin yunkurin kiyaye lafiyar ya rufe shi ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru kamar babban damuwa da yakin duniya guda biyu. Sai kawai bayan yakin duniya na biyu ya ƙare - kuma saurin canji na Arewacin Amirka daga wata masana'antu ga masana'antu sun kasance da kyau - shin tsarin muhalli na zamani ya fara.

Harkokin masana'antu na Amurka ya ci gaba da raguwa. Sakamakon, yayin da ban mamaki a fadin su, ya tsoratar da mutane da dama da suka lalace. Rahotanni na nukiliya daga gwagwarmayar nukiliya, gurɓataccen iska wanda miliyoyin motoci da masana'antu ke samarwa a cikin sararin samaniya, lalata kudancin koguna da tabkuna (kamar kogin Ohio na Cuyahoga, wanda aka shahara da wuta saboda gurbatawa), da ɓacewar gonar gona da kuma gandun daji a karkashin gandun daji na birni sun kasance damuwa ga yawancin 'yan ƙasa.

A cikin wannan maelstrom ya zo da wani mai zurfi, masanin kimiyya da kuma marubuta. Rachel Carson a shekara ta 1962, wata hujja ce ta cin zarafi game da yin amfani da magungunan magungunan kashe magungunan magunguna wanda ke shafe yawancin tsuntsaye, kwari, da sauran dabbobi. Littafin nan na yau da kullum ya ba da murya ga miliyoyin 'yan Amurkan da suka ga kantattun halittu masu ban sha'awa sun ɓace a gaban idanunsu.

Bayan wallafa littafin Spring da kuma littattafai kamar Paul Erlich na Bomb Bomb , Shugabannin Dattijai John F. Kennedy da Lyndon Johnson sun hade da wasu 'yan siyasa don ƙara kare kare muhalli zuwa ga dandalin su. Har ma dan jam'iyyar Republican Richard Nixon ya ci gaba da cigaban ci gaba da samar da fahimtar muhalli ga gwamnatinsa. Ba Nixon kawai ya kirkiro Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) ba, kuma ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Tsarin Mulki na kasa, ko NEPA, wanda ke buƙatar kimantawar tasirin muhalli ga dukan ayyukan tarayya mai girma.

Kuma a kan Kirsimeti Kirsimeti na 1968, NASA dan wasan sama da sama William Anders, yayin da ya yi watsi da wata tare da aikin Apollo 8, ya zana hotunan da mutane da yawa ke ba tare da samar da tushe na zamani motsi. Hotonsa ya nuna wani karami, mai duniyar duniyar duniyar duniya. (Dubi sama). Hoton wani karamin duniya, wanda yake cikin sararin sararin samaniya, ya nuna biliyoyin masiƙan duniyarmu da muhimmancin karewa da kare duniya.

Muhallin Muhalli da Ranar Duniya

Shawarar da zanga zangar da "masu koyarwa" suka gudana a fadin duniya a shekarun 1960, Sanata Gaylord Nelson ya bada shawara a 1969 cewa akwai wata zanga-zanga a cikin al'umma ta madadin yanayi. A cikin maganganun Nelson, "Amsar ta kasance lantarki ce, an cire ta kamar tsalle-tsalle." Ta haka ne aka haifi taron da aka sani yanzu duniya .

Ranar Afrilu 22, 1970, ranar farko ta ranar Duniya ta faru a ranar marigayi mai ban mamaki, kuma wannan taron ya kasance babban nasara. Miliyoyin jama'ar Amurkawa zuwa bakin teku sun shiga bangarori, wasan kwaikwayo, jawabai da kuma ayyukan da suka dace don kiyaye al'adun al'ada na Amurka da dukan duniya.

A wani jawabi a wannan rana, Nelson ya ce, "Manufarmu ita ce yanayi na rashin adalci, inganci, da mutunta juna ga dukkanin halittun mutane da kuma dukkan abubuwa masu rai." An yi bikin duniya a yau da kullum kuma ya zama sanadiyar muhalli ga ƙarnin biyu na masu kare muhalli.

Ƙungiyar muhalli ta ƙaddara

A cikin watanni da shekarun da suka biyo bayan ranar farko na duniya da kuma samar da EPA, yunkuri mai duhu, da kuma ilimin muhalli sun kasance sun haɗa kai a cikin hukumomi masu zaman kansu da kuma jama'a a duniya. Ka'idojin muhalli na ƙasa, kamar Dokar Tsabtace Dokar Mahalli, Dokar Magungunan Magunguna ta Tarayya, Dokar Tsabtace Dokar Tsabta, Dokar Yanki da Yanayi, da kuma Ayyuka na Ayyuka na kasa, sun sanya hannu cikin doka. Wadannan ayyukan tarayya sun haɗa da wasu shirye-shirye na jihar da na gida don kare yanayin.

Amma dukkanin cibiyoyi suna da 'yan ta'addan su, kuma matsalar muhalli ba wani abu bane. Kamar yadda dokokin muhalli suka fara aiwatar da su a duk fadin kasar, mutane da dama a cikin 'yan kasuwa sun gano cewa dokar muhalli na da tasiri mai tasiri ga ribar da ake amfani da su a cikin ma'adinai, daji, kifaye, masana'antu da sauransu.

A shekarar 1980, lokacin da aka zabi Republican Ronald Reagan a matsayin shugaban kasa, an kawar da kare lafiyar muhalli. Ta hanyar sanya masu zanga-zangar kare muhalli kamar Sakataren Harkokin Jakadancin James Watt da EPA Administrator Anne Gorsuch a ofishin, Reagan da dukan Jam'iyyar Republican sun nuna rashin amincewar su ga tsarin motsi.

Duk da haka, nasarar da aka samu ba ta da iyaka, duk da haka watt da Gorsuch sun kasance ba'a so a duniya - har ma da magoya bayan su - cewa an cire su daga ofishin bayan da aka gudanar da watanni. Amma fagen yakin da aka kaddamar da shi, kuma 'yan kasuwa da Jam'iyyar Republican sun tsaya tsayayya da karewar muhalli da ke nuna yawancin motsi.

The Green Movement A yau: Kimiyya vs Spiritualism

Kamar sauran ƙungiyoyi da zamantakewar siyasa, yunkurin yunkurin yunkurin yunkurin yunkurin yunkurin yunkurin yunkurin yunkurin juyin juya hali. Bayan da aka nada Yakubu Watt don ya jagoranci Sashen Kasuwanci, alal misali, wakili a Saliyo ya karu daga 183,000 zuwa 245,000 cikin watanni 12 kawai.

A yau an sake sarrafa yanayin motsa jiki ta hanyar umurni da al'amurran da suka shafi tasirin yanayi da sauyin yanayi, tsaftace tsibirin, magunguna mai karfi, yaduwar makamashin nukiliya, raguwa da motsa jiki ko "raguwa," raguwa da kifi, nau'in nau'in da sauran matsalolin muhalli masu mahimmanci.

Abin da ke bambanta irin yunkurin da ake yi a yau tun daga farkon aikin kiyaye zaman lafiyar shi shine karfafawa akan kimiyya da bincike. Da yake jawabi a cikin sauti na ruhaniya da kuma amfani da misalai na addini, masu muhalli na farko kamar Muir da Thoreau sun yi ladabi yanayi domin tasiri sosai a kan tunanin mutum da rayukanmu. A lokacin da dam na Hetch Hetchy a California ya yi barazanar barazanar, sai Muir ya ce, "Dam Hetch Hetchy! Kamar yadda ruwan sha na ruwa ya yi wa mazaunan katolika da majami'u, domin babu wani kyan haikalin da aka tsarkake ta zuciyar mutum."

Yanzu, duk da haka, zamu iya kira ga bayanan kimiyya da bincike mai zurfi don magance jayayya don kare lafiyar kudancin, ko kuma ga masana'antu. 'Yan siyasa sun rubuta aikin masu bincike na polar kuma suna amfani da tsarin yanayi na zamani don yaki da yanayin duniya, kuma masu bincike na kiwon lafiya sun dogara da kididdigar lafiyar jama'a don yin jayayya da cutar pollury. Ko dai wannan hujjar ta yi nasara ko ta kasa, duk da haka, ya dogara ne da hangen nesa, da sha'awar da mutanen da suka yi yunkuri.