Daya daga cikin muhallinmu na farko, John Muir kusan ba a sani ba a yau
John Muir ɗaya daga cikin masu muhalli mafi mahimmanci a Amurka, idan ba duniya ba. Ayyukansa da kungiyoyi sunyi wahayi zuwa wani tsara na masu kare dabbobi - daga shugabannin su zuwa Boy Scouts - duk da haka shi ba a sani ba a yau. Wanene Yahaya Muir, kuma ta yaya ya kara hanyar kare muhalli?
Early Life of John Muir
An haifi Muir ne a Dunbar, Scotland a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 1838, na uku na yara tara.
Mahaifinsa Daniel Muir ya kasance mai ladabi mai tsanani wanda ya ci gaba da tsayin daka ga 'ya'yansa, kuma bai kasance mai jinkirin ƙarfafa ikonsa na Littafi Mai-Tsarki ba tare da zalunci.
Gidan Muir ya yi tafiya zuwa Amurka a 1849, yana zaune a gona kusa da Portage, Wisconsin. Kodayake rayuwar iyalinsa ta da wuya, amma John Muir bai iya yin amfani da lokaci ba, wajen bincika jeji da ke kusa da Wisconsin, wanda ya dasa shi cikin ƙaunar yanayi.
Lokacin da yake saurayi, Muir ya nuna kyauta mai ban sha'awa ga masu aikin injiniya, kuma ya lashe lambar yabo mai yawa don abubuwan da ya kirkira, ciki har da kayan da aka yi wa ɗamarar hannu wanda ya kasance daidai lokacin da na'urar da ta sa shi daga gado da safe.
Ya dauki wannan sha'awa a cikin ayyukan ciki na abubuwa, da kuma ƙaunarsa na duniya, zuwa Jami'ar Wisconsin a 1860, inda ya yi nazarin ilimin gine-ginen, batu, tarihin halitta da wasu batutuwa.
Muir ya bar jami'a a 'yan shekaru baya ba tare da digiri ba, kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin injiniya a ma'aikata.
Wani hadari na masana'antu a 1867 ya bar shi makanta a idon daya; sai ya tilasta masa, ya yi la'akari da burinsa, kuma ya yanke shawara ya bi mafarkinsa da nazarin yanayi. "Wannan wahalar ya kai ni gagarumar kaya, Allah yana kusa ya kashe mu wani lokaci, ya koya mana darussa," ya rubuta.
Baza'a iya samun sauki a cikin matasa na Muir ba, kuma ya bar yankin Great Lakes a 1867, yana tafiya a kudu zuwa Gulf of Mexico, har zuwa Cuba, sa'an nan kuma yamma zuwa cikin ƙasa wanda ya zama gida ta jiki da ruhaniya: California.
Muir a California
Muir ya fara tafiya daga San Francisco zuwa Yosemite Valley a shekarar 1868, kuma abin ban mamaki ya haifar da kwarewa a kusa da duniyar da yaron ya ci gaba da cewa: "Yanzu muna cikin duwatsu kuma suna cikinmu, suna da sha'awar kirki, suna yin dukkan abin da ya faru, kowane kamfani da tantaninmu, "sanannen sanannen sanannen John Muir.
Muir ya zauna a Yosemite shekaru da yawa, yana nazarin yankin, yana nazarin ilimin geology da rayuwar shuka, da kuma rubutun cikin jerin jerin mujallu game da yadda hamada ta duniyar ta shafi shi a matakin ruhaniya. Yawancin waɗannan rubuce-rubuce sun buga a cikin mujallar Tekun Gabas kamar Atlantic Monthly da Harper , suna samun Muir wasu shahararrun masanin kimiyya da masanin kimiyya na backwoods.
Mutane da yawa da aka sani da Gabas ta Tsakiya sun zo yamma don ganin California; daga cikinsu akwai Theodore Roosevelt da Ralph Waldo Emerson, wanda Muir ya nuna sha'awa sosai. Dukkan mutanen sunyi rinjaye sosai da Muir, kuma Roosevelt daga baya ya kafa Yosemite a matsayin filin shakatawa, na gode wa Muir.
A 1880, Muir ya yi aure da Louie Wanda Strenzel kuma ya zauna a gona mai suna Martinez, kusa da San Francisco Bay. A lokacin, ma'auratan sun sami 'ya'ya mata biyu, gonar kuma ta sami nasara sosai don ba da damar Muir ya yi tafiya da yawa zuwa cikin tsaunukan Saliyo Nevada da yake ƙaunarsa sosai.
Muir da masu kare lafiyar
Ta hanyar rubuce-rubucensa, Muir ya rinjayi wata ƙungiya daga shugabannin siyasa da talakawa don girmamawa da kuma adana dukiyar da suke da shi a ƙasar. Amma bai ji tsoron yin yaki ba saboda yanayin: ko da shike ya kasance mai goyon bayan Gifford Pinchot , masanin ilimin gandun daji da kuma mai kiyayewa, ya kulle horns tare da Pinchot a kan mafi kyawun amfani da jeji.
Pinchot ya ba da umurni ga abubuwan da ake dashi na ginin, yayin da Muir ya ga muhimmancin barin yanayin shi kadai da kuma darajar gandun daji don dukiyar ta ruhaniya. Bayan lokaci, Muir ya yi watsi da dukkanin hulɗar da yake tare da Pinchot kuma bai taba duba baya ba.
A 1892, Muir ya kafa kungiyar Saliyo, don karfafa mutane su "yi wani abu don namun daji kuma su dubi duwatsu." Muir ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kulob din har tsawon rayuwarsa; Saliyo ta kara girma zuwa zama daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin muhalli a duniya.
John Muir da Hetch Hetchy
Daya daga cikin Muir na karshe yaƙe-fadace na karshe shi ne Hetch Hetchy, kwari kamar yadda Yosemite ya kasance mai daraja. Shugabannin gari a San Francisco sun nema su shafe kwarin da kuma samar da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa don yawan yawan yankunan Bay Area. Muir ya yi shelar cewa, "Dam Hetch Hetchy! Har ila yau, damun ruwa don tankunan ruwa da gidajen katolika da kuma majami'u, domin babu wani haikalin da ya tsarkaka da zuciyar mutum."
Bayan yakin da aka yi da karfi a shekara ta 1913, an yanke shawara ne don kwantar da kwarin, wanda ya lalata Muir. "Yana da wuya a ɗauka," Muir ya rubuta. "Rushe itatuwan gandun daji da lambuna, mafi kyau a dukan California, sun shiga zuciyata."
Muir ya rasu shekara guda bayan ya ziyarci 'yarsa a Los Angeles. Baya ga daruruwan littattafai da littattafai masu yawa da ya rubuta, Muir ya samo asali ne a cikin jeji yana kallon gidansa a koyaushe. Yawancin nauyin yanayi - ciki har da Muir Woods kusa da San Francisco, Mount Muir a filin Sierra Nevada, John Muir Trail da kuma John Muir Wilderness - ana kiran su ne don girmama mutumin da ya ba da ransa don kare yanayi a duniya.