Tsarin makamashin nukiliya ya kasance tun daga shekara ta 1951 lokacin da mai kula da aikin gona na (EBR-I) a Idaho ya samar da isasshen wutar lantarki don haskaka hasken wutar lantarki 200 watts. An gina gine-ginen ƙwayoyin nukiliya mafi girma a duk fadin Amurka, Kanada, Soviet Union, da Ingila.
Mai amfani da makaman nukiliya na zamani yana amfani da uranium mai wadatar yawa - yawanci uranium 235 ko plutonium 239 - don samar da wutar lantarki.
An kafa uranium na rediyo a cikin sanduna masu tsawo waɗanda aka rushe cikin ruwa; da sandan uranium zafi da ruwa, samar da tururi, wanda sa'an nan kuma tafiyar da wani turbine tururi. Tsarin turbines tururi shine abin da ke haifar da wutar lantarki. Abubuwan da ake gani da ruwa da aka gani da ke fitowa daga manyan gine-ginen wutar lantarki na wutar lantarki suna da tasiri.
A halin yanzu, akwai fiye da 430 masu amfani da makamashin nukiliya a hidima a duk faɗin duniya, kuma fiye da 100 a Amurka. Tunda tsire-tsire je kan layi ko kusa a kai a kai, ainihin lamarin ya canza kowace shekara. Ma'aikatar nukiliya ta samar da kimanin kashi 15 cikin 100 na wutar lantarki a duniya da kimanin kashi 20 na wutar lantarki a Amurka. Faransa, Japan, da kuma Amurka sune mafi yawan masu amfani da wutar lantarki ta nukiliya, suna samar da rabin rabi na wutar lantarki a duniya.
Amfanin Amfani da Makaman Nukiliya
Ma'aikatar makamashin nukiliya ta haifar da wutar lantarki sosai sosai idan aka kwatanta da tsirrai da wutar lantarki.
Yana ɗaukar miliyoyin ton na kwalba ko man, alal misali, don yin amfani da makamashin makamashi guda daya na uranium, bisa ga wasu kimantawa. Tun lokacin da konewa da man fetur ya zama babban mai ba da gudummawa ga gashin gandun daji, ƙwayoyin wutar lantarki ba su taimakawa wajen farfadowar duniya da sauyin yanayi kamar makamashi ko man fetur ba.
Wasu masanan sun nuna cewa wani amfani ga makamashin nukiliya shine rarraba uranium a fadin duniya. Babu wani cibiyar duniya na ma'adinan uranium - babu "Mideast na uranium" wanzu. Yawancin kasashen da suke yin mine na uranium, kamar Australia, Kanada, da Amurka, ba su da karfin hali, don haka kayan aikin uranium ba su da wata matsala ga siyasa ko tattalin arziki kamar yadda man fetur zai iya zama.
A Cikin Cutar Abin Cutar Nama
Lokacin da abubuwa suke aiki kamar yadda suke so, makamashi na nukiliya shine tushen mafita mai kyau. Abin damuwa shine, abubuwa ba koyaushe suke yin wannan hanya a cikin duniyar ba. Rahotanni masu yawa a tsibirin Three Mile a Pennsylvania a shekarar 1979 sun ba da radiation cikin yanayin; tsaftace farashi ya zarce dala miliyan 900.
A shekara ta 1986, mummunar haɓakaccen tasiri a tashar wutar lantarki ta Chernobyl a cikin Soviet Union ya haifar da fashewa a cikin shuka. An saki radiation na nukiliya na kwanaki da yawa, wanda ya haifar da babbar masifa da ta kashe daruruwan mutane a ko'ina cikin yankin. A shekara ta 2011, girgizar kasa da tsunami sun sami mummunan girgizar kasa a Fukushima a Japan.
Duk da tabbatar da asirin injiniyoyin nukiliya da masu bada shawara game da makamashin nukiliya, bala'o'i kamar wannan ba su da tabbas kuma suna da yawa, kuma babu shakka za su ci gaba.
Farashin wannan rikice-rikicen na ban mamaki. Bayan misalin Chernobyl, alal misali, kimanin mutane miliyan biyar ne aka nuna su zuwa manyan matakan radiation; Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta kiyasta cewa kimanin mutane 4,000 na ciwon daji na thyroid suka haifar, kuma yawancin yara a wannan yanki sun haife shi tare da mummunan lalacewar.
Idan wani hatsari na nukiliya kamar Fukushima ya kamata ya buge Amurka, za a sami matsala. Gudun makaman nukiliya hudu a California suna samuwa a kusa da layin tsararraki. Alal misali, Indiya ta qarfin makaman nukiliya, misali, mai nisan kilomita 35 ne kawai daga arewacin birnin New York, kuma Hukumar Nukiliya ta kasance tana da nauyin sarrafa makaman nukiliya a kasar.
Maganar Game da Mace-Tsare na Nuclear
Wani matsala wanda ba za a iya warwarewa shi ne zubar da makaman nukiliya.
Lalaci na nukiliya ya kasance radiyo don dubban shekaru, ba tare da damar tsarawa na kowane gundumar gwamnati ba. Kowace shekara, wutar lantarki mai amfani da makamashin nukiliya ta samar da kimanin 20 zuwa 30 ton na rashawa na rediyo. Ko da a cikin ƙasa mai ci gaba kamar Amurka, an adana ƙananan nukiliya a wuraren shafukan yanar gizo a duk fadin kasar, yayin da 'yan siyasa da masana kimiyya suka yi muhawara game da hanya mafi kyau.
Da yake jawabi game da sharar gida, wasu masu sukar sun nuna cewa, babbar tallafin gwamnati da masana'antun makamashin nukiliya ke karɓar shi ne kawai abinda zai iya yin ikon nukiliya. Kusan dala biliyan 58 da aka ba da tabbacin talla da tallafin daga gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka da ke dauke da makaman nukiliya, a cewar kungiyar masana kimiyya. Idan ba tare da tallafin masu biyan kuɗin ba, sun yi jayayya, dukan masana'antu na iya rushewa tun lokacin da tallafin ya fi girma kashin farashin wutar lantarki da aka samar.
Shin makamashin nukiliya zai sake sabuntawa?
A cikin kalma: a'a. Kamar man fetur, iskar gas, da sauran ƙarancin burbushin halittu, uranium ba zai sake sabuntawa ba, kuma akwai wadataccen kayan aikin uranium wanda za'a iya amfani da shi don makamashin nukiliya. Ministan uranium yana da nasa hadarin, ciki har da sakin gas na radon mai yiwuwa da kuma zubar da sharar gida.
Gaskiyar cewa makamashin nukiliya ba za'a sake sabuntawa ba, haƙiƙa, rashin hasara mai mahimmanci wanda ke haifar da tushen samar da makamashi kamar hasken rana, geothermal, da makamashin iska sun fi kyau. Bisa ga muhimmancin da kalubale na bukatun duniya na makamashi, wadatar da kwarewar makamashin nukiliya zai ci gaba da kasancewa mai zafi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.