Yanayin yanayi ya kasance muhimmiyar yakin basasa tun lokacin dutsen farko ya jefa dutse. Sojojin Romawa da Assuriya na farko, don tabbatar da yawancin abokan gaba, sun ruwaito gishiri a cikin makiyayan su, suna sa kasar gona mara amfani ga aikin noma - yin amfani da ita na fararen kayan soja, kuma daya daga cikin mawuyacin yanayin muhalli na yaki.
Amma tarihin yana ba da darussan cikin yakin basira. Littafi Mai-Tsarki, a cikin Kubawar Shari'a 20:19, yana riƙe da hannun jarumin don rage yawan tasirin yaki akan yanayin da maza:
Sa'ad da kuka kewaye wata birni mai tsawo, ku yi yaƙi da shi don ku ci ta, kada ku hallaka itatuwansa ta wurin ta da gatari a kansu. gama za ku ci daga gare su, kada ku sassare su. Don itace itacen gona ne mutum, wanda ya kamata ya kewaye ku?
War da muhalli: Mun yi farin ciki haka Far
An yi yaki ne a yau daban-daban, kuma yana da tasiri mai zurfi na muhalli wanda ya wuce. "Cibiyar fasaha ta canja, kuma tasirin fasaha sun bambanta sosai," in ji Carl Bruch, darekta na shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye na kasa da kasa a Cibiyar Muhalli a Washington, DC
Bruch, wanda shi ma co-marubucin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Muhalli: Dokoki, Tattalin Arziki, da Harkokin Kimiyyar Kimiyya , sun lura cewa hadisin , zamani da kuma makaman nukiliya na da yiwuwar ɓarna mummunar yanayin muhalli wanda, abin sa'a, ba mu gani ba - Duk da haka.
"Wannan mummunan barazana ne," in ji Bruch.
Amma a wasu lokuta, makamai masu mahimmanci da ci gaba da fasaha na zamani zasu iya kare yanayin ta hanyar yin la'akari da mahimman kayan aiki, da barin wasu yankunan ba tare da sune ba. "Kuna iya yin hujjar cewa makamai suna da ikon rage yawan lalacewa," a cewar Geoffrey Dabelko, darektan sauye-sauyen yanayin muhalli da tsaro a Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars in Washington, DC
Yanki ne: Imamai na Yakin Yau
Yakin basasa yau yana faruwa a tsakanin kasashe masu zaman kansu; sau da yawa, rikice-rikicen rikice-rikice ya fita tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu adawa a cikin al'umma. Wadannan yaƙe-yaƙe na farar hula, kamar yadda Bruch yayi, yawanci fiye da iyakar yarjejeniyar duniya da ka'idodi. "Cikin rikici na cikin gida yana kallon matsayin sarauta - wani abu na ciki," inji shi. A sakamakon haka, lalacewar muhalli, kamar cin zarafin bil-adama, ba ta samuwa ta hanyar kungiyoyin waje.
Kodayake matsaloli, rikice-rikice, da kuma yakin basasa ya bambanta da yawa ta yankin da kuma makamai da aka yi amfani da su, sakamakon yakin da ke faruwa a cikin yanayin yakan kasance cikin wadannan fannoni masu zuwa:
Rushewar mazauni: Wataƙila mafi yawan shahararren misalin wuraren da aka yi a lokacin Vietnam ya fada a lokacin da sojojin Amurka suka yi magunguna irin su Agent Orange a kan gandun daji da kuma mangowa wadanda suka ba da makamai zuwa ga mayakan guerrilla. An kiyasta cewa ana amfani da herbicide miliyan 20, yana kimanin kusan milyan 4.5 na filin karkara. Wasu yankuna ba sa sa ran dawowa a cikin shekaru da dama.
'Yan Gudun Hijira: Lokacin da yakin ya haifar da motsin jama'a, sakamakon da zai haifar da tasiri akan yanayin zai iya zama mummunan rauni.
Cunkushe mai yawa, rashin farauta, cinyewar ƙasa da gurɓata ƙasa da ruwa da rashawar mutum ya faru yayin da dubban mutane suka tilasta su zauna a wani sabon yanki. A lokacin rikicin Rwandan a shekara ta 1994, an bude wa] ansu 'yan gudun hijirar ta Akagera National Park. A sakamakon haka, yawan mutanen da ke cikin dabbobi kamar gaggawa da ƙetare sun zama bace.
Jigilar Kasuwanci : Sojoji na soja, jiragen sama na kaya, da kuma motoci suna ɗaukar fiye da sojoji da bindigogi. shuke-shuke da dabbobin da ba na dabba ba su iya tafiya tare, suna mamaye sababbin wurare da kuma shafe ƙwayoyin dabbobin a cikin tsari. Laysan Island a cikin tekun Pacific ya kasance gida ne da dama ga shuke-shuke da dabbobi da yawa, amma ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi a lokacin da bayan yakin duniya na biyu ya gabatar da berayen da suka kusan kayar da Laysan finch da Laysan rail, da kuma kawo yunkuri, haɗari ingancin da taron ke tattare da 'yan ƙananan tsuntsaye wanda tsuntsaye na gida suna dogara ga mazauninsu.
Rushewar Harkokin Kasa: Daga cikin makasudin farko da mafi girman kai na kai hare-haren a cikin yakin soja shi ne hanyoyi na abokan gaba, gadoji, kayan aiki da sauran kayayyakin. Duk da yake waɗannan ba su zama ɓangare na yanayin yanayi ba, lalacewar tsire-tsire masu shayarwa, alal misali, ya raguwa da ruwa mai kyau. A lokacin shekarun 1990s da aka yi a Croatia, an yi amfani da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire. saboda wuraren maganin maganin cututtuka ba su yi aiki ba, toxins ya gudana daga ƙasa ba tare da komai ba har sai rikici ya ƙare.
Ƙara Ruwa: Ko da a yankunan da ba a kai su kai tsaye ba, ya kara yawan samarwa a masana'antu, aikin noma da sauran masana'antu da ke tallafawa yakin yaki zai iya shawo kan yanayin yanayi. A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, yankunan daji na Amurka sunyi amfani da albarkatun alkama, da auduga da wasu albarkatun gona, yayin da manyan bishiyoyi sun kasance masu tsabta don su hadu da kayan yaki don neman kayayyakin itace. Tashoshin Laberiya, man fetur a kasar Sudan da lu'u-lu'u a Saliyo duk suna amfani da su ne ta hanyar farar hula. "Wadannan suna samar da ruwan kudaden ruwa wanda ake amfani dashi don sayen makamai," in ji Bruch.
Binciken Tsuntsauran Duniya: Rushe gidan mahaifarta ya zama lokaci mai daraja, alhakin mummunan hali, al'ada na al'ada. Kalmar nan "ƙasa mai lalacewa" ta fara amfani da albarkatun gona da gine-gine da za su iya ciyarwa da kuma kare magabcin, amma yanzu ana amfani da ita ga tsarin da zai lalace. Don magance sojojin Jafananci masu fafutuka a lokacin yakin kasar Japan na biyu (1937-1945), hukumomin kasar Sin sun ƙarfafa mayaƙan ruwa a bakin kogin Yellow River, suka nutsar da dubban sojojin kasar Japan - kuma dubban 'yan kasar Sin, yayin da suke ambaliya miliyoyin kilomita kilomita .
Hunting da Poaching: Idan rundunonin sunyi ciki, kamar yadda ake fadawa, to, ciyar da dakarun soji yana buƙatar farautar dabbobi, musamman dabbobi masu yawan gaske wadanda sukan yi saurin haɓaka. A cikin yakin da ke gudana a kasar Sudan, masu noma masu neman nama ga sojoji da fararen hula sunyi mummunar tasiri ga yawan dabbobin daji a yankin na Garamba, wanda ke kusa da iyakar Jamhuriyar Demokiradiyar Kongo.
A wani lokaci, yawan giwaye ya karu daga 22,000 zuwa 5,000, kuma akwai kawai rhinos 15 da suka tsira.
Kwayoyin Halittu, Kasuwanci, da Ma'aikatan Nukiliya: Gyara, gwaji, sufuri da kuma amfani da wadannan makamai masu guba sune wata alama ce ta haifar da yakin basasa a yanayin. Ko da yake an yi amfani da amfani da su sosai tun lokacin da sojojin Amurka ke jefa bom a ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, masu bincike na soja suna da damuwa game da yaduwar makaman nukiliya da kuma kayan yaki da kwayoyin halitta. "Mun yi matukar farin ciki cewa ba mu ga yadda za mu iya gani ba," in ji Bruch.
Masu bincike sun nuna amfani da uranium (DU) ƙaƙaf kamar yadda aka saba da yakin basasa. DU shi ne wata hanyar samar da uranium-enrichment. Kusan kusan sau biyu a matsayin gubar , an yi amfani da kayan makamai don iya iya shiga cikin makamai da sauransu. An kiyasta kimanin 320 ton na DU a cikin Gulf War a 1991; Baya ga cinikin ƙasa, masana sun damu da cewa sojoji da fararen hula na iya kasancewa a wuraren da ke cikin hatsari.
Ta yaya matsalar muhalli ke kaiwa yaki?
Yayin da sakamakon yaki a kan yanayi na iya zama a bayyane, abin da ya rage a fili shine hanyoyin da lalacewar muhalli ta haifar da rikici. Yanki a kasashe masu fama da talauci kamar ƙasashen Afirka, Mideast, da kudu maso gabashin Asia sun yi amfani da dakarun soja ga kayan jari; suna da 'yan wasu zaɓuɓɓuka.
Bruch ya bayyana cewa da zarar rikici ya fara, sojoji da mutanen da ke kewaye da su dole ne su samo hanyoyin samar da abinci, da ruwa, da kuma tsari, don haka ana tilasta musu su daidaita tunanin su ga matsalolin gajeren lokaci, ba dadewa ba.
Wannan rushewa na gajeren lokaci yana haifar da mummunan yunkuri na rikici, wanda ya biyo bayan bukatunsu a hanyoyin da ba su da tabbas, yana haifar da raguwa da rikici, wanda hakan zai haifar da rikici. "Daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin shine a warware wannan zagaye," in ji Bruch.
Can Warfare Protect Nature?
Ana ganin ba a yarda da shi ba, amma wasu sunyi jayayya cewa rikice-rikice na soja yakan ƙara kare yanayin yanayi. "Wani abu ne wanda ya saba wa tsammanin," in ji Jurgen Brauer, Ph.D., farfesa a tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Jihar Augusta a Augusta, Ga. "Yankunan da aka fi kiyayewa a dukan Koriya shi ne yankin rushewa saboda kuna da da ban da aikin ɗan adam. "
Sauran masu binciken sun lura cewa duk da yawan amfani da maganin herbicide a yayin yakin Vietnam, yawancin gandun daji sun rasa a cikin wannan kasar tun lokacin yakin ya ƙare a lokacin, saboda cinikayya da cinikayya da Vietnam don neman ci gaba. Cikin ruwan sama da baƙar fata da kasar Kuwait ta yi a shekarar 1991 ya ba da wata shaida mai zurfi game da lalacewar muhalli. Duk da haka, wadannan kone gobara sun ƙone a cikin wata daya kimanin yawan man da Amurka ta ƙone a wata rana.
"Aminci zai iya cin zarafin kuma," in ji Dabelko. "Kana da wasu daga cikin zane-zane."
Amma masana suna da hanzari wajen jaddada cewa wannan ba hujja ce ba saboda goyon bayan rikici. "War ba kyau ga yanayin," in ji Brauer, wanda kuma shi ne marubucin War da Nature: Muhalli sakamakon sakamakon War a Duniya Globalized .
Kuma Bruch ya lura cewa yakin basasa ne kawai ya jinkirta lalacewa na lalata ayyukan dan adam da kasuwanci. "Yana iya ba da jinkiri, amma hadarin yakin da yake da dogon lokaci ba abin da ya bambanta da abin da ya faru a karkashin ci gaban kasuwanci," inji shi.
Samun Lafiya
Yayinda shirin ya fara aikin soja, ya zama fili cewa yanayin yanzu yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen cin nasara, musamman ma bayan da rikici ya ƙare. "A ƙarshen rana, idan kuna ƙoƙari ku zauna a yankin, kuna da ƙarfin zuciya kada ku lalata shi," inji Dabelko. Littafi Mai Tsarki da aka ambata a cikin Maimaitawar Shari'a game da tsirrai bishiyoyi shine, watakila, kyakkyawan shawara ga shekaru.
Kuma wasu mayakan suna koyon cewa akwai karin samun gamsu daga kiyaye yanayi fiye da lalata shi. A cikin Mozambique ta yakin basasa, an hayar magunguna na farko don yin aiki tare a matsayin shakatawa masu kare kariya da namun daji da wuraren da suke son hallaka.
"Wannan ya gina ginin da ke tsakanin sojojin soja da kuma shakatawa." Ya yi aiki, "in ji Bruch. "Rukunan albarkatu na iya zama da matukar muhimmanci ga samar da ayyuka da dama a cikin al'ummomin rikice-rikice."