Gaskiyar game da yanayin gona da ƙasa
Ƙasa a ƙarƙashin ƙafafunku yana da muhimmanci ga rayuwar rayuwa a duniya, duk da haka kasar gona ta zama cikakkiyar asiri ga mafi yawan mutane.
Menene ƙasa? Amsar ita ce mafi wuya fiye da yadda kuke tunani. Ƙasa ba kawai launin fata ne mai launin fata ba. Yana da rai, yana numfashi kuma - kafin ka binne shi - ya kamata ka sani kadan game da shi.
Amma samun hujjoji game da ƙasa ba wai wani aikin motsa jiki ba ne kawai: Saboda yaduwar ƙasa, ƙasa tana ɓacewa a cikin mummunan ƙimar a duk faɗin duniya, kuma ba'a maye gurbinsa ba.
Ba tare da shi ba, rayuwa a saman wannan duniyar zai kasance kusa da yiwuwar.
Facts a kan ƙasa
Ƙasa shi ne cakudaddun tsari na manyan abubuwa hudu: ruwa, iska, dutse masu daraja da ma'adanai, da kuma abubuwa masu rai waɗanda suke bunƙasa a cikin yanayin ƙasa, da kuma jikinsu masu lalata.
Rashin dutsen da ma'adanai da aka rushe a cikin wani yanki a wasu wurare ana kiransa "kayan iyaye". Matsayyar iyaye na ƙasa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance yadda acidic ko alkaline yake (ake kira pH).
Wannan yana iya zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci a aikin gona da aikin lambu, saboda wasu tsire-tsire (azaleas da rhododendrons, misali) sun fi son kasar gona, yayin da wasu (misali, cherries da maples) suna buƙatar wata ƙasa mai mahimmanci.
Sand, Silt, Clay da Humus
Lokacin da masana kimiyya ke magana game da ƙasa, sukan sauka zuwa "labarun ƙasa" ko "jerin," irin yanayin ƙasa wanda ke kama da wani yanki.
An sake bayyana jerin samfurori da samfurori na ƙasa, ko layi: An kwantar da sararin sama a ƙasa kuma yana dauke da tsire-tsire masu rai da kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta wanda ba a rago ba tukuna.
Ƙananan samfurori na ƙasa (za'a iya zama da dama a cikin sashin ƙasa na kasar daya) sun zama masu bushewa da haske a launi fiye da ɗakunan girma; Ƙananan horizons suna da ƙasa da aikin nazarin halittu fiye da mafi girma yadudduka.
Hanyoyin samfurori da ƙananan yanayi sun bambanta ta yadda yashi, yashi da yumbu sun ƙunshi. Fãce wasu duwatsu da launuka masu yawa, yashi shi ne mafi yawan hatsi na kwayoyin halitta wanda ke cikin kasa; Matakan silt sune karami. Clay yana da mahimmanci saboda yana taimakawa wajen kula da ruwa da kayan abinci. Ƙasa da ke da ma'auni mai kyau na yashi, silt da yumbu ana kiransa "loam," kuma ana daukarta mafi kyawun ƙasa ga noma.
Humus shi ne barga kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙasa, kuma yana da mahimmancin tushen kayan abinci mai gina jiki. Humus kuma yana taimakon ƙasa riƙe ruwa da kuma kawar da cutar pathogens. Takin yana da tushe na humus, kamar yadda tsarin tsarin lalata na launi na ganye, shuke-shuke da matattu da dabbobi da dabbobin dabba suke.
Duniya Yana Rayuwa
Wataƙila mafi yawan abin da ke tattare da ƙasa shine kwayoyin halitta. Masana kimiyya suna fara fahimtar ƙwarewar ƙwayoyin microbes, fungi, nematodes, mites, kwari da sauran dabbobin da zasu iya zama a cikin ƙasa kawai.
"Masana kimiyya ta amfani da sababbin hanyoyin bincike a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata sun gano cewa teku na duniya ita ce daya daga cikin mafi yawan tafki na halittu daban-daban." Ya ƙunshi kusan kashi ɗaya cikin uku na dukan rayayyun halittu, "in ji rahoton New York Times," amma kimanin 1 yawancin kwayoyin halitta an gano su, kuma dangantaka tsakanin wadanda aka saba da su (sunadaran fahimta). "
Ɗaya daga cikin kananan teaspoon na kasar gona zai iya ƙunsar biliyoyin microbes - ciki har da wasu nau'i daban daban 5,000 - da dubban jinsuna na sauran abubuwa masu rai, daga ƙwayoyin cuta da protozoa zuwa earthworms da lokuta.
Kuma duk an barazana ne.
Dalilin da ya sa Amintaccen Kariya yake da muhimmanci
Mai yiwuwa masanin kimiyya na ƙasa da mai kiyaye lafiyar ƙasa mai rai a yau shi ne Ronald Amundson, mai kula da Sashen Kimiyya na Muhalli a Jami'ar California dake Berkeley.
A shekara ta 2003, Amundson shine marubucin marubucin rahoton da yake bayarwa game da asarar nau'o'in alade a fadin Arewacin Amirka. Sakamakon binciken da tawagarsa ta samu ba ta da mahimmanci: iri guda 31 daban-daban na kasar gona sun wanzu yanzu saboda yankunan da suka kasance sun riga sun canza zuwa aikin gona ko na gari ko na yankuna.
An samo ƙarin samfurin ƙasa na 508 a fadin Amurka a yankunan da dama.
"A cikin ƙarni biyu da suka wuce, mun sake inganta wani ɓangare na nahiyar zuwa mahimmanci inda ba a san inda ba a san inda yake ba a jihar," in ji Amundson. "Babbar Manyawan da ake amfani da su a cikin tsire-tsire da gandun daji, sun maye gurbinsu da albarkatu da litattafan gidaje."
Kuma lalata ƙasa zai iya taimakawa wajen canza sauyin yanayi: Turawa ƙasa yana fitar da carbon dioxide, wanda ke taimakawa ga samar da iskar gas a cikin yanayi. "Kamfanin yana da karin carbon a cikin kwayoyin halitta fiye da dukkanin tsire-tsire a duniya," in ji Amundson.
Sauran barazana ga ƙasa sun hada da salin (ƙarar gishiri), acidification ( saukar da pH da rage alkalinity ), lalata, overgrazing, aiki da kuma gurɓata daga m karfe da radiation.
Bayanin kulawar ƙasa yana bayyana: Idan ba mu fara fara kulawa da ƙasa ba, ba zai kasance a wurin don kula da mu ba.