DDT yana ɗaya daga cikin mahallin sunadarai masu rikitarwa a cikin tarihin kwanan nan. Ya tabbatar da tasiri a matsayin kwari, amma yawancin rashin ciwo yana da iyaka ga kwari. An haramta shi daga kasashe da dama ciki har da Amurka, amma har yanzu DDT yana amfani da shi - doka ko doka - a wasu wurare.
Menene DDT?
DDT, wanda aka fi sani da dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane, yana cikin nau'i na magungunan kashe qwari da aka sani da organochlorides.
Wani sashi na sinadarai da ya kamata a yi a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje (ba ya faru a yanayi), DDT ba shi da launi, ƙarfin crystalline.
DDT ba za a iya narkar da ruwa ba; Yana da, duk da haka, sauƙi a narkar da shi a cikin ƙwayoyi masu guba, ƙwayoyi ko mai. A sakamakon sakamakonsa na rushewa a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta, DDT zai iya ginawa a cikin kitsen kayan dabbobi na dabbobi da aka fallasa su. Wannan haɗin gini da aka sani shine sanannen bioaccumulation, kuma DDT ya bayyana shi ta hanyar EPA a matsayin mai ci gaba, tsinkayyar halitta.
Saboda wannan nazarin halittu, DDT ya kasance a cikin jerin abincin abinci, yana motsawa daga crayfish, kwari, da kifi cikin jikin dabbobi da ke cinye su. Saboda haka, matakan DDT sau da yawa mafi girma a jikin dabbobi a kusa da saman abincin abinci, musamman a tsuntsaye masu tsada kamar gaggafa, hawks, pelicans, condors da sauran tsuntsaye masu cin nama.
DDT ma yana da mummunar tasiri a kan mutane. Bisa ga EPA, DDT zai iya haifar da lalacewar hanta tare da ciwon hanta, ƙarancin tsarin lalacewa, rashin nakasa da sauran lahani.
Tarihin Brief na DDT
DDT an fara hada shi ne a 1874, amma ba har 1939 ba, wanda masana kimiyya ne na Helenanci Paul Hermann Müller ya gano ikonsa a matsayin kwari. Don wannan binciken, an ba Müller kyautar Nobel a shekarar 1948.
Kafin gabatarwar DDT, cututtuka na kwari kamar cutar cizon sauro, typhus, zazzabi na zazzabi, annobar annoba da sauransu sun kashe miliyoyin mutane a duk duniya.
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, amfani da DDT ya zama sananne tsakanin sojojin Amurka da suke buƙata ta magance wadannan cututtuka, musamman ma a Italiya da kuma yankuna na wurare masu zafi irin su Kudu Pacific.
Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, yin amfani da DDT ya karu kamar yadda manoma suka gano tasiri a kan sarrafa dabbobin noma, kuma DDT ta zama makami na zabi a kokarin magance cutar malaria. Duk da haka, wasu ƙwayoyin kwari sun samo asali ne tare da tsayayya da kwari.
DDT, Rachel Carson da kuma "Spring Spring"
Kamar yadda amfani da DDT ya yada, wasu masu masana kimiyya sun lura cewa amfani mara amfani ya haifar da mummunar cutar ga yawan dabbobi. Wadannan rahotanni sun warke a cikin sanannen littafin Sanile Spring wanda masanin ilimin kimiyya da marubuci Rachel Carson ya bayyana, wanda ya kwatanta haɗari na yin amfani da magunguna. (Rubutun littafin ya fito ne daga sakamakon DDT da wasu sunadarai suna ci gaba da sauti, waɗanda suka ɓace a wasu yankuna.)
Spring mai sanyi ya zama littafi mafi kyau, kuma ana ba da labarin shi da sauyin yanayi na zamani. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, masana kimiyya a duniya sun bayar da rahoton cewa tsuntsaye masu girma na DDT a cikin jikinsu suna saka qwai da ke da kwasfa kamar yadda suka yi rauni kafin su rufe, haifar da yawan tsuntsaye.
Kuma mafi yawan DDT tsuntsaye sun kasance cikin jikinsu, wadanda suka fi kowannensu yaran.
An haramta DDT a duk duniya
A matsayin shaida na cutar, DDT yana haddasa fara girma; kasashe a duniya sun fara dakatar da sunadarai ko ƙuntata amfani da su. By 1970, Hungary, Norway, da kuma Sweden sun hana DDT, kuma duk da tsananin matsa lamba daga masana'antun sunadarai na Amurka, an haramta yin amfani da DDT a Amurka a shekarar 1972.
A shekara ta 2004, yarjejeniyar da aka sani da yarjejeniyar Stockholm game da mahallin kwayoyin halitta (POPs), wanda kasashen 170 suka hada da Amurka, sun ƙuntata yin amfani da DDT zuwa maganin kwari, misali, a yayin da cutar ta kamu da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro. A wasu ƙasashe, duk da haka, ana amfani da DDT akai-akai don sarrafa kwayoyin da sauran kwari, kuma ana amfani da su a aikin noma a wasu wurare irin su India da Saharar Afrika.