Daga Celts zuwa Kisses, Wannan Tsire-tsire yana da Tarihin Fascin
Dukanmu mun saba da akalla wani ɓangare na labarin mai ban mamaki na mistletoe. Kowa ya san cewa sumbatarwa a karkashin mistletoe ya dade da yawa, musamman a matsayin al'adar Kirsimeti, ko da yake ba kowa ba ne ya fahimci yadda wannan al'ada ta fara. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ƙananan sun gane cewa tarihin abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin wannan shuka yana karɓar jigilar "m." Kuma wallafe-wallafen tarihinsa shi ne abin da aka manta don kowa sai dai mafi masanin.
Bari mu fara da ɗan ɗanɗanar karshen wannan:
"A nan an ajiye tsoffin wasanni na makamai masu makamai, takalma da ganyayyaki, zafi masu zafi, sata da fararen fata, apple, da kuma dragon snap, da Yule-clog da kyandar Kirsimeti a kullum konewa, da mistletoe tare da farin berries sun rataye, har zuwa masifar da dukkanin kyawawan gidaje suke ciki. "
Wannan shi ne abin da Washington Irving ya rubuta a Kirsimeti Hauwa'u (daga Irving's The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent ). Irving yana danganta bukukuwan da ke kewaye da kwanaki 12 na Kirsimeti, ciki har da kissing a karkashin mistletoe. Ya ci gaba da bayanan ƙafar ƙasa:
"Har yanzu ana ci gaba da zama a cikin gidajen gona da kuma cin abinci a Kirsimeti, kuma samari suna da zarafin sumbantar da 'yan mata a ƙarƙashinsa, suna kwashe duk lokacin da wani dan zuma daga daji.
Mun zamani sun manta da ɓangaren game da tarawa da berries (wanda, ba zato ba tsammani, su ne guba ), sa'an nan kuma dagewa daga sumbatarwa a karkashin mistletoe lokacin da berries suka fita.
Tare da holly , laurel , rosemary, yews , busheswood bushes , da kuma, ba shakka, da Kirsimeti itace , mistletoe wani haske a nuna a lokacin Kirsimeti da kuma na alama na sake sake haihuwa na ciyayi da zai faru a spring. Amma watakila fiye da kowane kullun Kirsimeti, yana da tsire-tsire wadda muke sani kawai a lokacin bukukuwa.
Wata rana muna sumbace a karkashin jagorancin, kuma a rana mai zuwa mun manta duk game da shi (ko da yake muna iya tunawa da sumba).
Lokacin da kayan ado na Kirsimeti ya sauko, bazawa ya ɓace daga zuciyarmu har wata shekara. Musamman a yankunan da shuka ba wata ƙasa ba (ko rare), mafi yawan mutane ba su gane cewa mistletoe ba ya girma a ƙasa, amma a kan bishiyoyi kamar parasitic shrub. Abin da ke daidai: Kamar yadda rashin sauti kamar sauti, sumbatarwa a karkashin jagorancin yana nufin kamawa a karkashin wani m.
Cure-All for Druids
Hanyoyin iri-iri a Turai suna da muhimmancin addini a zukatan mutanen dā. Ƙididdigar al'adar sumbatarwa a karkashin jagorancin zaku iya samuwa a cikin ayyukan Celtic. A Gaul, ƙasar Celts, Druids sun dauka cewa itace mai tsayi. An yi imanin cewa yana da magungunan magani da kuma ikon allahntaka. Ra'ayoyin nan na tarihin ɗan adam na Roman, Pliny Al'ummar ya kasance wani ɓangare na wani ɗan littafin latin Latin wanda ya kasance a kan batun ( Tarihi na Tarihi , XVI, 249-251), da ake bi da al'adun addini na Druidic:
"A nan dole ne muyi la'akari da girmamawar da aka dauka ga wannan shuka ta Gauls." Druids-saboda haka ne firistoci da aka ambata sunayensu - ba su da wani abu mafi tsarki fiye da mazhaba da itace da ke ɗauke da shi, muddin wannan itace itace itacen oak ... Mistletoe yana da wuya a ci karo da shi, amma lokacin da suka sami wasu, sun tattara ta, a cikin wani babban taro .... "
"Bayan sun shirya hadaya da biki a ƙarƙashin itacen oak, sai suka tarar da magunguna a matsayin warkarwa - dukansu suka kawo bijimai biyu a can, waɗanda ba a taɓa ɗaukar ƙahoni ba. Wani firist wanda yake saye da tufafi mai tsabta yana hawa itacen oak kuma, tare da wani suturar zinariya, ya yanke maciji, wanda aka kama a cikin alkyabbar fata, sa'annan suka yanka wadanda aka azabtar, suna rokon Allah, wanda ya ba su kyauta a matsayin kyauta, don ya zama masu dacewa da su. za su sa dabbobi marasa lafiya ba su da kyau, kuma shuka shine maganin guba ga kowane guba. Wannan shine ikon allahntakar wanda mutane sukan saka har ma abubuwan da suka fi kyan gani. "
Myths Myths da Mistletoe Tradition
Amma ta yaya ainihin al'ada na kissing karkashin mistletoe fara? Don sanin wannan, dole ne mu koma baya zuwa Scandinavia, da al'adunsa da kuma ka'idar Norse. Abinda ya faru a can, in ji Dokta Leonard Perry, shi ne cewa idan, yayin da kake fita a cikin dazuzzuka, ka faru da ka gano kanka a tsaye a karkashin wannan shuka a kan ka fuskanci abokin gaba, dole ne ku dinga ajiye kayanku har zuwa rana mai zuwa.
Wannan al'ada na Scandinavia ya jagoranci al'adar sumbatarwa a karkashin jagorancin. Amma al'adar ta shiga hannu tare da tarihin Norse game da Baldur. Mahaifiyar Baldur ita ce allahn Norse, Frigga. A lokacin da aka haife Baldur, Frigga ya yi kowane irin shuka, dabba, da alkawarinsa maras kyau ba zai cutar da Baldur ba. Amma Frigga ya daina kula da tsire-tsire, kuma allahn da ya yi watsi da harshen Norse, Loki, ya yi amfani da wannan dubawa.
Loki ya yaudari ɗaya daga cikin sauran alloli zuwa kashe Baldur tare da mashin da aka yi daga mistletoe. An zaɓi Hermódr da Bold don hawa zuwa Hel a ƙoƙarin kawo Baldur baya. Halin Hel na dawowa Baldur shi ne cewa duk wani abu na ƙarshe a duniya, mai rai da matattu, dole yayi kuka ga Baldur. Idan ba haka ba, zai zauna tare da Hel. Lokacin da aka sanya wannan yanayin zuwa jarrabawar, duk suna kuka ba tare da wani giantess ba, sunyi imani da cewa Loki ya canza. An yi watsi da tashin tashin Baldur.
Tsohon asalin wannan labarin na Norse shine Prose Edda. Amma bambancin game da labarin da Baldur da mistletoe suka zo mana, ma. Alal misali, wasu sun nuna cewa an amince da shi, bayan mutuwar Baldur, cewa tun daga lokacin a kan magoya bayansa zai kawo soyayya maimakon mutuwar a cikin duniya, kuma cewa duk mutane biyu da suke wucewa karkashin jagorancin zasu musanya sumba a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar Baldur. Wasu ƙara cewa hawaye Frigga zubar a kan wadanda aka kashe Baldur ya zama mistletoe berries.
Ya tafi ba tare da faɗin cewa, idan muka kasance a kwashe al'amuran al'ada da labarar da ke kusa da sumba a karkashin jagorancin a cikin ƙoƙari na gano ainihin tarihinsa, zamu sami kanmu a cikin tsakiyar zamani. An kira Mistletoe a matsayin tsutturan aphrodisiac da ganye. Yana kuma iya samun ikon haifar da zubar da ciki, wanda zai taimaka wajen bayyana dangantakarsu tare da rashin jima'i.
Bayanan Botanical a kan Mistletoe
Tarihin tarihi na ban mamaki na mistletoe yana da hanyoyi masu yawa don bayyana abubuwan da mutane suke dasu. Don, duk da rashin tushe a cikin ƙasa, mistletoe ya kasance kore a ko'ina cikin hunturu, yayin da bishiyoyin da ta girma kuma a kan abin da ta ciyar da shi ( ba haka ba (ƙwararrun Turai na tsiro ne akan bishiyoyi , mafi mahimmanci akan itatuwan oak ). Abin sha'awa wannan ya kamata ya yi aiki a kan masana kimiyya kafin su fahimta.
Yawancin nau'in nau'in alamu suna ƙaddara a matsayin ɓangaren marasa lafiya. Ba su cike da ciyawa ba, tun da tsire-tsire suna da damar photosynthesis. Amma waɗannan tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire sune parasitic a cikin ma'anar cewa sun aika wani tsari na musamman (wanda ake kira "haustoria") zuwa cikin rundunarsu, don cire kayan abinci daga bishiyoyi.
Daban-daban iri-iri suna girma a duk faɗin duniya, saboda haka yana da wuya a rarraba game da shuka. Mistletoe yana cikin iyali na Loranthaceae . Hannun furanni na wurare masu zafi zasu iya girma da yawa fiye da ƙananan furanni mai launin furanni (daga bisani daga bisani sun samo fari) wadanda yammacin sun hada da shuka. Hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin Turai an ƙaddara shi a matsayin Viscum album , yayin da takwaransa na Amurka ne Phoradendron flavescens .
Amurka kuma ta kasance gida ga wani dwarf mistletoe, da ake kira Arceuthobium pusillum . Wannan karshen ba wani abu ba ne da za ku so ya ci gaba a fadinku, tun da yake yana cutar da itatuwan da take amfani dasu. Hatta magungunan da ke tattare da shi ba su da amfani ga runduna. Amma A. pusillum cikakke ne kawai , ba tare da wani ganye ba. Kuma tun da babu ganye don girbi daga wannan shuka, dwarf mistletoe ba ma mara amfani kamar ado na Kirsimeti .
Duk da yake jam'iyyun suna mayar da hankali ga sumbatarwa a karkashin jagorancin, kuma yayin da masu nazarin halittu suka mayar da hankalinsu a kan rarrabe wasu daga cikin nau'o'in ƙwayoyin cuta daga cikin nau'i na misali, likita sun fara nazarin abubuwan da ake zargi da damuwa ga lafiyar mutum. Mataimakin Suzanne Somers, ya kara fa] a] a jama'a game da binciken da ake yi, game da maganin cutar daji, don magance cutar kanjamau. Somers ya yi kokarin magance ta da nono tare da Iscador, wani likita da aka yi daga ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa.
Tushen Kalma, "Mistletoe"
Asalin kalma, "mistletoe," da kanta yana da mahimmanci da kuma ruɗewa kamar yadda batu da labaran ke kewaye da shuka.
Maganar ta samo asali ne daga fahimta a cikin kimiyyar kimiyya na Turai cewa tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire suna fitowa, kamar dai ta sihiri ne, daga ɓoye na "mistel" (ko "missel"). A cewar Sara Williams a Jami'ar Saskatchewan Extension, "An lura da ita a zamanin duni da cewa tsuntsaye sun bayyana a kan wani reshe ko igiya inda tsuntsaye suka bar droppings. 'Mistel' shine kalmar Anglo-saxon don 'dung,' da ' tan 'shine kalma don' twig '. Saboda haka, ma'anar ita ce' dung-on-a-twig '(ba daidai ba ne kalmar da ta dace da launi mai suna "mistletoe plants"). "
Duk da yake imani da bazara maras kyau ba ya dade ba, kalmar kalmar "mistletoe" ba ta zama kyakkyawa kamar yadda mutum zai iya tunani ba. "A karni na sha shida," in ji Williams, "masu binciken dabbobi sun gano cewa shuka mai suna" spreadletoe "ta yadu ne ta hanyar tsaba da ta wuce ta wurin naman tsuntsaye." Kuma mutane sun san wani lokaci cewa Berry na mistletoe tsire-tsire ne mafi so so da mistel thrush. Don haka, yayin da tunani ya kasance mai ban dariya, wadanda suka tsufa sun cancanta, bayan sunan, a cikin suna suna hayakiyar tsuntsaye bayan tsuntsaye mafi yawan alhakin shimfiɗa shi.
Bayanan da aka wallafa
Kamar yadda za a iya tsammanin daga wani tsire-tsire da ya sa sha'awar mutane ta dadewa har tsawon lokaci, tsire-tsire mai mahimmanci ya kaddamar da wani abu mai daraja ga kansa a cikin shekaru na tarihi. Biyu daga cikin litattafan da aka fi sani da al'adun Yammacin sun hada da wani mai laushi mai laushi, wanda aka ba da sunan "ɓangaren zinariya."
A cikin Virgil's Aeneid , littafi mafi shahararren littafi na latin Latin, jarumin Roman, Aeneas yayi amfani da wannan "ƙwallon zinari" a wani wuri mai zurfi na littafin. An gano ƙwallan zinariya akan itace na musamman a cikin tsauni mai tsarki zuwa Diana, a Nemi, itace wanda ke da tsire-tsire. Malamin annabi, Sibyl ya umurci Aeneas ya janye wannan ƙwayar maƙarƙashiyar kafin yayi ƙoƙarin hawansa zuwa cikin rufin.
Sibyl ya san cewa, tare da taimakon irin wannan sihiri, Aeneas zai iya aiwatar da kamfani tare da amincewa. Karnuka biyu sun jagoranci Aeneas zuwa cikin kurmi suka sauka a kan bishiyar, "daga cikinsu akwai hasken zinari mai haske. Kamar yadda yake a cikin bishiyoyi a cikin hunturu sanyi wanda ya haifar da ƙwayar waje zuwa itacensa-ya kasance kore tare da ganye da 'ya'yan itace 'ya'yan itace mai launin rawaya a game da dabbobi, saboda haka zinariyar launin zinari yana kama da itacen oak, don haka wannan zinari ya rusa cikin iska mai sanyi "( Aeneid VI, 204-209).
Takardun Sir James G. Frazer na classic, The Golden Bough , yana fitowa daga wannan wurin a Virgil's Aeneid . Amma ta yaya wani abu mai kore kamar tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire yana hade da launi, zinariya ? A cewar Frazer, damuwa zai iya zama "ƙwallon zinari" domin lokacin da tsirewar ya mutu kuma ya bushe (ko da yake har abada ba ya mutuwa), tsire-tsire ta shuka zinari. Fair isa. Amma bambance-bambance da almara sun fi dacewa a haɗuwa su isa cikakkiyar bayani.
An fahimci tunanin da ake yi na zinariya a cikin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire na gaskiyar cewa, a cikin labarin tarihin Turai, an ɗauka cewa tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire a wasu lokuta ana kawo su a cikin ƙasa lokacin da walƙiya ta kama itace a cikin wuta. Kuma fitowar ta dacewa zai kasance, bayan haka, ga wani tsire wanda gidansa yake da rabi tsakanin sama da ƙasa.