Ulmus Americana kafin a mamaye
Bruce Carley, a cikin labarinsa game da ceton itatuwan Yammacin Amirka daga Yaren mutanen Holland, ya nuna hoto mai kyau na Main Street USA a farkon rabin karni na 20. Yana da wani titi wanda aka yi wa lakabi tare da wadannan Kattai masu girma, wanda ya ɓullo da rassan rassan su Rapunzel-kamar a kan shugabannin masu wucewa, suna bin inuwa a lokacin bazara. Babu wani itace kamar su:
"Yankunan da ke kan hanyoyi masu ban sha'awa da ke kan hanyoyi sun haura zuwa wani babban ɗaki mai kyau tare da kyakkyawan kyau da kyau ... shimfidawa a sararin samaniya sau da yawa fiye da 100 feet ...." [Bruce Carley]
Dutch elm cuta ( Ceratocystis ulmi ) canza duk abin da. Yaren mutanen Holland elm cutar ne mai naman gwari wanda ke tsiro a cikin shinge. An fara samun naman gwari a 1921 a cikin Netherlands. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, an gano kullun a tsakiyar tsakiyar Turai da kuma kudancin Turai zuwa ga naman gwari.
Tarihi na Yaren mutanen Holland Elm Cututtuka: Ƙwaƙƙwarar Bishiyoyi na Amirka
{Asar Amirka, watau Ulmus americana ), sun fi dacewa da cutar Ebola. An kuma san itatuwan almummar Amurka kamar yalwar ruwa, mai yalwaci, duniyar fari, ko kuma Florida. Ana samun itatuwan almummar Amurka a ko'ina cikin Gabas da Tsakiyar Arewacin Amirka. Zangon su ya kai har zuwa kudu maso yammacin Texas da Florida.
Cleveland, Ohio ta shaida wa] ansu lokuttan da suka kamu da cututtuka a {asar Amirka, a 1930. A bayyane, wannan mai kisan gillar ya zo ne, a cikin takardun ajiya daga {asar Faransa. Yaren mutanen Holland elm cutar yada Gabas da sauri; a cikin shekaru biyu, itatuwan itatuwan dabino na Amirka a New Jersey suna fadowa ga naman gwari.
Harshen Yammacin Holland ya "kashe mutane 77 da bishiyoyi 1970", in ji Phil McCombs a cikin rahoton Washington Post na 2001 wanda ya fara da wannan bayanin hotunan yadda itatuwan almumma na Amurka suka kasance a hanyoyi da dama a garin:
"A wani lokaci a Amurka, manyan kantuna masu kyan gani da yawa sun hada da tituna da ƙauyuka daga Atlantic zuwa Rockies, suna yin kyan gani mai zurfi a kan rikici."
Me ya sa Yaren mutanen Holland Elm Cututtukan Kwace Bishiyoyi na Yammacin Amirka
Ga dukan kwanciyar hankali irin wannan tsire-tsire, wannan al'adun al'adu daya ne daga cikin masu laifi a cikin lalacewar itatuwan dutsen Amurka. Naman gwari, wanda ya juya, zai iya yada ƙasa daga asalin wanda aka azabtar da shi ga tushen wani kusa. Wannan shi ne abin da ya faru a lokacin da tushen bishiyoyin Elmos na kusa da su suka "haɗa", tare da haɗuwa da rayukan abin da ke tsakanin mutane biyu.
Sakamakon wanda ya mutu yana haka ya mutu. Manculture da tushe mai tushe wanda ya faru yana nufin cewa kwayar cutar ta iya wucewa daga wata dabba ta Amurka zuwa wani a cikin jerin sassaucin da zai ƙayyade jigon layi tare da titin.
Rashin dasa bishiyoyi a cikin itatuwan Elm a cikin masse ba shi kadai ba ne, amma. Ana kuma daukar kwayar cutar microscopic na naman gwari daga wadanda aka yi wa cututtuka zuwa samfurori lafiya ta nau'i biyu na ƙwaƙwalwa wanda rami ke ƙarƙashin haushi. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙwaƙwalwar Turai ( Scolytus multistriatus ), da shigo da ya riga ya riga ya cutar da cutar Holland. Sauran ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ne ɗan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, Hylurgopinus rufipes . Ana iya samun hotuna daga cikin wadannan masu dauke da cutar ta Holland elm a cikin shafin yanar gizon Yammacin Utah, da kuma ƙarin bayani game da cututtukan Dutch.
Abin da Ginin Cloning Zai iya Yi Don Taimako
Mun gode wa aikin gine-ginen gine-ginen bishiyar halitta, Alden Townsend, abin da ke nunawa ga Ulmus americana yanzu yana da kyau. A karshen shekarun 1990, kimanin shekaru 25 da aiki tare da U. americana sunyi nasara a lokacin da aka sanar da sanarwar cewa Townsend ya ci nasara tare da sababbin matsaloli guda biyu: Clones na itatuwan dabino na Amurka wadanda suka dace da cutar likitan Holland sun zama gaskiya.
An kira U. Americana "Valley Forge" da kuma U. Americana "Sabon Halin," Clones na garin Townsend ne yanzu a kasuwa. Tsarin gine-ginen shuka na gine-ginen bishiyoyi ya ci gaba da fatan samun bunkasa sababbin jinsunan Amurka wanda zai kasance mafi tsayayya ga cutar Hollandem.
A yanzu, idan baza ku iya sayan daya daga cikin wadannan clones na kudancin Amirka ba, ko kuma idan kuna ƙoƙarin adana itace mai tsayi, bi waɗannan jagororin:
- Rigar rigakafi ko rassan rassan da aka kashe daga Amurka, daga fall zuwa ƙarshen hunturu. Wannan hanya, wanda ake kira limbing , mafi kyawun sarrafawa ne ta kwararru.
- Ku guje wa cin hanci daga Amirka daga watan Afrilu zuwa Agusta. Kwancen da ake yi wa ƙwaƙwalwa yana sa ido ga sabon yankakke da kuma mafi yawan aiki a wannan lokacin.
- Kasance a kan jira don alamun yaduwar cutar Dutch elm. Ƙaurawar kamuwa da cutar Amurka za ta so a lokacin rani. Za su fara juya launin rawaya, sa'an nan kuma su juya, sa'an nan kuma su kasance launin ruwan kasa. Alamun sun fara fitowa a kambi na Amurka.
- Idan alamu sun bayyana, ba da izinin maganin cutar Amurka a daidai yadda ya kamata. A yankunan karkara, ana iya ƙone su. A cikin yankunan birane, kai su zuwa wurin da aka tsara.
Lura cewa ana iya ganin kullun Amurka shine daya daga cikin itatuwan mafi munin da za su shuka don masu fama da rashin lafiya. Ga wa] anda ba wa] anda ke fama da rashin lafiyar, {asar Amirka na sanya wa] ansu tsire-tsire . Harkokin cinikayyar Amurka sune mummunan sanyi zuwa sashi 3.
Mutane ba za su kasance masu cin nasara ba idan an sake dawo da tsohuwar ƙwayar kullun Amurka ta hanyar aikin gine-gine na shuka. Ga Baltimore orioles, duniyar Amirka ta kasance itace mafi ƙarancin itace. Maganin namiji yana daya daga cikin tsuntsaye mafi yawan tsuntsaye, tare da tsawaita alamar orange wanda aka sanya ta hanyar jigilar launin fata. Ƙungiyar Baltimore sun fi son duniyar Amurka don nesting saboda yanayin lalata da bishiyoyi. Kogin Orioles wanda ke rataye daga iyakar rassan raƙuman ƙasashen Amurka ba su da yiwuwa ga magoya bayan samun damar shiga.
Bruce Carley ya gaya mana yadda birane na Portland, Maine da New Haven, Connecticut sun kasance a gida ga mutane da yawa na Amurka cewa kowannensu yana da lakabi, "City of Elms," tun kafin kalmomin nan, "cloning plant" ya taɓa jin . Amma godiya ga gine-gine na shuka, abubuwan da suka fi dacewa yanzu sun fi kyau cewa mutane za su iya girmama garinku a wata rana tare da labarun "City of Elms". Clones na shuka zai sake dawowa "Elm Street, Amurka."