Menene Zanen Scandinavian?

01 na 09

Ƙungiyar Duniya ta Scandinavian Design

Ko zane shine sha'awar sha'awa, sha'awa, ko ma kawai zato mai ban sha'awa, yiwuwar ka ji labarin style Scandinavia. A gaskiya ma, kun ji tabbas lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi sau da dama da kuka fara tunanin abin da yake nufi. Wasu daga cikinsu yana da sauƙin ɗauka - ganuwar farar fata, ɗakunan katako da ɗakin kayan zamani, amma akwai karin bayani ga labarin, daidai? Kamar yadda ya faru, akwai - da yawa. Hanyar da ta haifar da zanen Scandinavia ya zama daya daga cikin tsarin da ke ciki a duniya a farkon karni na 21 ya fara a ƙarshen 19th. A kan hanyar, daukan mulki ya fadi kuma ya fadi, abubuwan duniya sun tashi, duniya ta tafi yaki sau biyu kuma art, falsafar da kayan aiki sun canza hanyoyin da suka kalli kansu da juna. Koma cikin mahaɗin wasu daga cikin sunayen masu basira da kuma sananne a tarihin zane, sunayen kamar Alvar Aalto, Hans Wegner, Arne Jacobsen, Eero Arnio da Ingvar Kamprad (wanda ya kafa IKEA), kuma kun sami fiye da Yanki na yanki wanda ya tasiri kusan dukkanin nau'i na zane tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1950 - kun sami labari mai kyau.

02 na 09

Scandinavia a Fabia

Scandinavia ba wuri guda ba ne, yana da yawa. Kamar yadda mutane da yawa zasu iya dogara akan wanda kuke magana da su, ko ma lokacin. A al'ada, kalmar yana nufin kasashe uku na arewacin Turai - Norway, Sweden da Denmark. Amma duk da haka, an ƙaddamar da ma'anar ta amfani da ita don haɗawa Finland, Iceland, har ma, ko da yake ƙasa da ƙasa, Greenland. Ko da yake akwai alamomi da yawa da al'adu tsakanin waɗannan ƙasashe, akwai kuma wasu bambance-bambance kaɗan. Labarin yadda suka hada kansu a karkashin tsarin kayan ado na gida yana daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi ban sha'awa a cikin labarin, wani abu na tallace-tallace kamar tarihin, kuma wanda ya fara da sauya falsafar zamantakewa a ƙarshen 1800s.

03 na 09

Romanticism a ƙi

Duniya tana sauyawa kamar yadda karni na 19 ya rufe kuma an bude 20th. Rikicin masana'antu ya canza rayuwar, kasuwanci da siyasa a hanzari a fadin duniya da kuma falsafancin da suka jagoranci hanyoyi da mutane ke ciki a cikin wadannan abubuwa suna canzawa. An haifar da zamani a dukkanin siffofin da zai faru. Amma akwai alamun jinkirin da aka yi, kuma ya nuna sha'awar yanayi a cikin farin ciki na kayan aiki mai sauri. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan gargaɗin ya fito ne daga zane-zane na Arts & Crafts wanda jagorar William Morris ya jagoranci. Tattaunawa game da "nazarin yanayi mai zurfi", da kuma sauran tsararru na al'adu na zamani, yunkurin Morris ya sake kawar da tsarin zamantakewar da aka samu a kan masana'antun masana'antu na yau da kullum ana ganinsa a matsayin daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru na romanticism kamar yadda daftarin Art Nouveau ya fara a Turai.

04 of 09

Art Nouveau, Art Deco & yakin duniya na

A farkon shekarun karni na 20 Art Nouveau ana kiransa a matsayin "sabuwar salon sabon karni." Kamar sauran sababbin kayan fasaha, Art Nouveau ya sabawa siffofin da suka riga ya wuce. Kuma kamar wasan kwaikwayo na Arts & Crafts ya rungumi zane-zane na zane-zane na ciki da kuma zane-zane da kuma gine-gine. Kamar yadda Turai ta kusa kusa da yaduwar yakin duniya na a shekara ta 1914, sharhin zamantakewa ya zama ƙaramin ɓangare na ƙwarewar fasaha. Harshen juyin juya hali na fasahar Turai ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi irin su Jamus Bauhaus, Rasha da kuma Dadaists na kasar Rasha sun nuna rashin amincewa da sanannun sanannun sanannun gargajiya da na masu zaman kansu. A lokacin da yakin ya ƙare a shekara ta 1918, waɗannan sassan suna nuna alamun nuna raunana kamar yadda aka tsara da kayan fasaha na Art Nouveau. Duk da raunin yakin duniya, shekaru biyu kawai suka rabu da ƙarshen rikice-rikicen tun daga farkon Rawar 20s , har zuwa 1925, zane-zane na al'ada na Art Nouveau sun kasance sun maye gurbinsu ta hanyar kayan aiki masu kayatarwa, na Art Deco. Kuma kodayake an yi niyya ne don bikin lokacin wadatar da ba a samu ba, an yi amfani da mulkin Art Deco a matsayin sabon tsarin zane na sabon adistocracy na sabon arziki lokacin da aka fara da Babban Mawuyacin hali a 1930 kuma ya kawo ƙarshen fashewa na yakin duniya na biyu.

05 na 09

Yaƙin Duniya na II, Modernism & Democratic Design

Idan WWI ta bayyana a fili a cikin tsarin zamantakewa na tsofaffi na matsayi na Turai da kuma aristocracy, WWII ta karya su. Yawancin sarakuna fiye da ɗaya sun zama rushewa kuma ko da yake kasashen Turai za su yi gwagwarmaya da shekarun da suka wuce don samun nasarar cin hanci da rashawa a Afirka, Amurka ta kudu da Asiya, waɗannan kwanakin sun ƙidaya. Harkokin falsafar falsafa na Turai tare da gagarumar fasaha da zamantakewar al'umma yana canjawa, kuma wannan canji ya bayyana a cikin kayan ado na gida.

Zuwa wannan batu, manufar zane-zane na ciki ko dai kayan yadi, kayan ado da kayan zane-zane, a cikin ma'anarta, an daidaita su sosai. Ko a Art Deco, Art Nouveau, ko kuma kowane nau'i na baya, kyakkyawa a cikin gida shine lardin wadanda zasu iya iya. Matsayin da ke tattare da ƙwarewa ko tsinkayewa a cikin zane ya kasance daidai ne a kan halin zamantakewa na mai gida kuma don haka ya fi girma kusan kullum yana nufin mafi alhẽri. Duk da haka wannan ya fara canzawa a bayan bayanan yaki da na zamani wanda ya fara ne tare da Art Nouveau ya fara ɗauka a sabon tsari.

06 na 09

Wata Sabuwar Shekara Domin Zane na Turai

Ba abu mai wuya a yi tunanin tunanin da ya fi girma a cikin ƙarshen shekaru 40 da farkon 50s cewa yakin duniya guda biyu a cikin rabin rabin karni ya kasance shaida cewa mutane suna cikin babban ɓangare, suna yin wani abu ba daidai ba. Kamar mutane a cikin wasu lokuta masu yawa bayan rayuwa ta yakin duniya na biyu, "zane-zanen duniya yana neman maganin magunguna don [totalitarianism, wakiltar da zane ta] International Style, wanda-godiya ga Bauhaus-an shahara da alaka da Jamus." Sabuwar tsarin zamantakewa na demokraɗiya na yalwace ta hanyar Turai kuma a cikin zane suka dauki nau'i na sake juyayi tsohuwar tarurruka a kan kyakkyawan hali da matsayi. Sabuwar gaskiyar ta zama cewa kyakkyawa da aka tanadar wa masu arziki da kuma aikin da mutane suke buƙata za a iya haɗuwa, da kuma cewa waɗannan samfurori sun kasance masu araha ga kowa da kowa. A daidai wannan lokacin, shekarun da suka biyo bayan WWII sun ga al'umman kasar Scandinavia suna tare da juna. Wannan shi ne ainihin gaskiya a cikin tsarin zane, yanke shawara ta hanyar jerin jerin tarurruka na 1940 da aka gudanar a wasu biranen Scandinavian.

07 na 09

Zane a Scandinavia

Wannan sabon tsarin zane, haɗawa da kyakkyawa, sauƙi da kuma aikin da aka dace ya dace don jaddada yawan fasalin fasalin Scandinavia. Na farko daga cikin wadannan shine bukatar aikin. Matsayin da ke cikin matsanancin matsayi na arewacin Turai, musamman ma a cikin nasara, sun taɓa rinjayar Scandinavia zuwa kyauta mai daraja fiye da kayan ado kuma sauƙi zai bi ta hanyar halitta kamar yadda aka tsara. Duk da haka aikin gyaran aikin ya kasance mai ƙarfafawa ga ƙauyukan Bauhaus wanda ya kasance mai tasiri ga wani lokaci a gine-ginen Scandinavia.

Kodayake tsarin tsarin musamman na Scandinavian na zamani ya fara a cikin shekaru 40, ba sai farkon farkon karni na 1950 ba sai ya fara farawa a matsayin wani abu mai ganewa. Ɗaya daga cikin matakan farko shine kafa lambar yabo na Lunning, wanda ake kira Frederik Lunning, mai shigo da kayayyaki na Danish. An ba da kyautar, wadda ake kira "Nobel Prize" na Scandinavian Design, a karo na farko a shekara ta 1951 da kowace shekara zuwa 1970. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da aka kafa kyautar Scandinavian zane daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan farko a sa'an nan Editan House Beautiful magazine, Elizabeth Gordon. Wani mai tastemaker da mai girma clout, Gordon, "ya gabatar da zane-zane na Scandinavia a matsayin wani tsari na tsarin Nazi na zane-zane: mulkin demokraɗiyya, na halitta, kadan, m, da kuma mayar da hankali a gida da iyali, ba jihar ba." A shekara ta 1954, Gordon ya tsara Zane a Scandinavia , wata alama ce ta hanyar tafiye-tafiye na mafi kyawun kayayyaki da kasashe masu tasowa suka bayar. Shekaru uku wannan wasan kwaikwayo ya ziyarci birane a Amurka da Kanada kafin su zo kusa a 1957.

08 na 09

Scandinavian Design a Interiors

A lokacin da zane a Scandinavia ya nuna kammala ta gudu, zane-zane Scandinavian wata kayayyaki ne na duniya, wanda ke da karfi sosai a biye a Amurka. Kodayake shahararsa ya ƙi a tsakanin shekarun 1960 da 80, da mayar da hankali ga ci gaba da ta nuna marigayi 90s da farkon 2000s ya hura sabuwar rayuwa cikin yanayin. Wuraren da aka tsara a cikin tsarin Scandinavia kamar yadda muka gane shi a yau yana da alfahari da ganuwar ganuwar don jaddada haske, nau'in launi mai tsaka-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle da launin launi, launi mai laushi irin su itace da dutse, rashin kulawa da magunguna da sauki, Yanayin da ba su da kwarewa da ke jaddada wani kyakkyawan kyawawan abubuwa.

Wannan sararin samaniya shine samfurin wani ɗaki na Scandinavian. Rashin bishiyoyi na itace tare da kujerar kujera, tebur da tsire-tsire suna kawo ma'anar kasashen waje wanda yake da muhimmanci ga wannan salon. A lokaci guda farin farar fata na bango ya kara nauyin rubutun yayin haɓaka haske a cikin babban ƙofar gilashi. Gidan da fitilu sune ma'anar karni na karni na zamani wanda ya kasance da tasirin bayyanar Scandinavia a kan duniya a cikin farkon 50s. Yawanci duk tsari, har ma don karamin wuri, ba shi da kyau kuma yana da sauki, yana ba da cikakken jin dadin jin dadin da ake kira Hygge ("hoo-gah"), wanda shine manufar kowane ɗakin Scandinavia.

09 na 09

Scandinavian Design a Furniture

Bugu da ƙari, wajen tsara hanyoyin da muke tsara ɗakunanmu, zane-zane na Scandinavia ya san da yawancin gudummawar da aka yi a zane-zane, wanda zai iya zama mafi kyawun abin da ya faru. Bayan haka, ƙananan gidajen Amirka ba su da cikakkun ba tare da tafiya zuwa IKEA ba. Kuma rinjayar raguwa irin su Alvar Aalto ta hannu da kujeru da kuma Arne Jacobson ta Egg , Drop, da Swan kujeru na ci gaba da jin dadi har yau. Wannan hoton yana nuna nauyin siffofi da sifofin da suka zo daga shekara ɗari na tsarin shagalin Scandinavia kuma ya ba mu dalilai masu yawa don sa ido ga ɗari.